Introduction to Arduino
Let’s start by understanding what Arduino is and what it can do for you as a beginner in electronics.
Installing the Arduino IDE
Before you can start programming Arduino, you need to install the Arduino IDE — the official development environment.
Blink: Your First Arduino Project
Let's build your first real Arduino project — make an LED blink!
Understanding Arduino Code Structure
Learn how Arduino code is structured and how setup() and loop() work together.
Working with Digital Output
Learn how to control components like LEDs, buzzers, and relays using digital pins.
Working with Digital Input
Learn how to use buttons and switches with Arduino and respond to user input.
Working with Analog Input
Learn how to read variable values from sensors using analog pins.
Working with Analog Output (PWM)
Use analogWrite() to control brightness, speed, and more with Pulse Width Modulation.
Final Assessment & Certificate
Take this final quiz to test your knowledge. Score 71% or more to earn your certificate!
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About Lesson
Arduino doesn’t have true analog output, but it can simulate it using PWM — Pulse Width Modulation.
PWM turns the pin ON and OFF very fast. The ratio of ON time to total time creates an “average” voltage.
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🔹 Example:
analogWrite(9, 127);
This sends a 50% duty cycle signal to pin 9 (half brightness if connected to an LED).
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### PWM Range:
– Minimum: analogWrite(pin, 0); → 0% ON → LED OFF
– Maximum: analogWrite(pin, 255); → 100% ON → LED fully ON
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### PWM Pins:
On Arduino Uno, PWM-capable pins are:
– D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11
(You’ll see a `~` symbol next to them)
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✅ Use analogWrite() with these pins to control LED brightness, motor speed, buzzer ton
